Publication date: 17th February 2025
In this study, we present the (111) facet-engineered cubic phase tin (IV) oxide (C-SnO2) as an innovative electron transport layer (ETL) for triple-cation mixed-halide Cs0.05(FA0.83MA0.17)0.95Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3 perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The C-SnO2 layer was synthesized via a conventional sol-gel process followed by spin-coating. The (111) facet C-SnO2 layer offers an increased surface contact area with the adjacent perovskite layer, enhancing charge transfer dynamics at the interface. The well-aligned overlapping band structures also improve charge extraction efficiency between the two layers. Using (111) facet C-SnO2 as ETLs, we achieved PSCs with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.34% (0.09 cm2), an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.10 V, a current density (Jsc) of 23.89 mA/cm2, and a fill factor (FF) of 77.3%. In comparison, PSCs employing tetragonal phase SnO2 ETL exhibited a PCE of 19.65%, a Voc of 1.08 V, a Jsc of 23.67 mA/cm2, and an FF of 76.5%. The PSCs with C-SnO2 ETL remained over 81% of their initial efficiency after 480 hours. This work concludes with a discussion on recombination and charge transport mechanisms, providing insights into optimizing C-SnO2 ETLs for enhanced performance and stability of PSCs.
We thank the Department of Science & Technology (DST) for financial support through the project EEQ/2021/000087. We acknowledge the support from the CeNSE facilities funded by the MHRD, MeitY and DST Nano Mission. We thank Indian Science Technology and Engineering Facilities Map (I-STEM), a Program supported by Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to the Govt. of India, for enabling access to the X-ray diffractometer (SmartLab-Rigaku) and Time Resolved Fluorescence Microscope (PicoQuant-MicroTime 200) at the Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore to carry out this work.
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