Fully Printable Perovskite Solar Module with Carbon Electrode for low light environments

karthikeyan Pandurangan^a, Luigi Vesce^b, Elene Iannibelli^b, Maurizio Stefanelli^b, Hafez Nikbakht^b, Mercy Jelagat Kipyator^a, Maria Laura Parisi^a, Adalgisa Sinicropi^a, Aldo Di Carlo^b^,^c

^aDepartment of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, R2ES Lab, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy

^bCHOSE, Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy

^cISM-CNR, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy

Proceedings of International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics (HOPV25)

Roma, Italy, 2025 May 12th - 14th

Organizers: Filippo De Angelis, Francesca Brunetti and Claudia Barolo

Oral, karthikeyan Pandurangan, presentation 177
Publication date: 17th February 2025

IoT applications demand powering lots of wireless sensor which strengthens the necessity of solar cells working under low light condition that helps to get rid of usage of single time use batteries. Fluorescent lamp and LED are the popular light sources inside buildings with their emission spectra in the visible Range of Electromagnetic spectrum. High Absorption coefficient and bandgap in the range of visible spectra makes perovskite a natural choice for indoor photovoltaics. Perovskites solar cells show promising performance in indoor Photovoltaics. A dual additive passivation strategy with gold as counter electrode reached a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 44.72% + [1]. CuPc: CuSCN as HTL (Hole Transporting Layer) with Carbon electrode was used to obtain PCE of 32.1% for small area devices [2]. Despite carbon electrode was considered the best candidate to get high performance and stable perovskite solar cells at low-cost budget [3], the best efficiency reported using this electrode for modules in low light environments is 18% at 1000 lux% [4]. In this work, we used fully printable technique from ETL (Electron Transporting Layer) to carbon deposition to realise carbon-based perovskite mini modules in ambient atmosphere. With efficient surface passivation by HTAB on FAPbI3 perovskite and P3HT as HTL, we achieved unprecedented 25% PCE with Maximum power density of 72 mW/cm2 over an active area of 30 cm2 with Carbon as a counter electrode. LCA results suggest that these indoor carbon-based solar cells are promising to replace batteries for powering IoT devices

References:

[1] Ma, Q., Wang, Y., Liu, L., Yang, P., He, W., Zhang, X., Zheng, J., Ma, M., Wan, M., Yang, Y., Zhang, C., Mahmoudi, T., Wu, S., Liu, C., Hahn, Y. B., & Mai, Y. (2024). One-step dual-additive passivated wide-bandgap perovskites to realize 44.72%-efficient indoor photovoltaics. Energy and Environmental Science, 17(5), 1637–1644

[2] P. Makming et al., “Efficient and Stable Carbon-Based Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by Mixed CuPc:CuSCN Hole Transporting Layer for Indoor Applications,” ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 15486–15497

[3] Stefanelli, M., Vesce, L., & di Carlo, A. (2023). Upscaling of Carbon-Based Perovskite Solar Module. In Nanomaterials (Vol. 13, Issue 2). MDPI

[4] F. De Rossi et al., “All Printable Perovskite Solar Modules with 198 cm2 Active Area and Over 6% Efficiency,” Adv Mater Technol, vol. 3, no. 11, Nov. 2018

Acknowledgements:

This research was funded by the European Union's Horizon Europe Programme, through a FET Proactive research and innovation action under grant agreement No. 101084124 (DIAMOND). Authors were also supported by the program agreement between ENEA and the Ministry of Environment and Energy Safety for Electric System Research, Implementation Plan for 2022-2024, Project 1.5 High-efficiency buildings for the energy transition – WP3 Innovative technologies and components for increasing the energy performance of buildings (CUP: I53C22003050001).

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