Publication date: 17th February 2025
Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Perovskites are largely investigated worldwide for Photovoltaics[1] today, due to their unique properties. We have previously developed a patented [A. Alberti, E. Smecca, A. La Magna, S. Perugini, M. Abbiati. Method and apparatus for deposition of a layer of perovskite on a substrate. IT20210001898 (granted) - EP4284969 (granted) - US20240117524A1 (filed)] innovative vacuum deposition method called Low-Vacuum Proximity-Space-Effusion (LV-PSE)[2] to prepare CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) thin film for semitransparent perovskite solar cells. The method requires lower investment cost for equipment than conventional evaporation and consists of a two-step deposition under low vacuum conditions to produce high-quality thin layers of phase-pure MAPbI3. They reached an average efficiency of 14.4% with 150 nm-thick active layers in p-i-n devices. An in-depth study of the deposition process and conversion mechanism from PbI2 to MAPbI3 has been carried out to further improve the quality of the films. In particular, we investigated how the working pressure and substrate temperature of the first step impact on the quality not only of the PbI2 film but also of the final MAPbI3. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (SE) were used to investigate the structural and optical properties of the deposited films, while the morphology has been studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy. We found that using a working pressure of 2x10-2 mbar, the prepared PbI2 films are more oriented along the [001] direction, as attested by the lower full width at half maximum values of the rocking curves. This perovskite structure is also more reproducible than in samples prepared at a pressure of 6x10-3 mbar, as attested by the narrower spread of the collected data. We suggest that the higher reproducibility at the higher working pressure benefits from the lower deposition rate (~40nm/min) that helps the atoms’ arrangement after they reach the substrate. At the lower pressure, a higher PbI2 deposition rate (~60nm/min) is achieved. The second step, consisting of methylammonium iodide (MAI) deposition, has been optimized to define the process window for the complete conversion of PbI2 into MAPbI3. We found that the MAI deposition time is strictly dependent on the first-step process, currently enabling a net maximum deposition rate for the complete conversion of ~30nm/min. This value is comparable with the highest value reported in literature for MAPbI3 co-evaporation[3]. As an advantage, our two-step deposition still leaves room for improvement based on deposition pressures and temperature. Device preparation using LV-PSE layers deposited with the two different pressures is ongoing.
This work was partially funded by the European Union (NextGeneration EU), through the MUR-PNRR project SAMOTHRACE – Sicilian MicronanoTech Research and Innovation Center (ECS00000022, CUP B63C22000620005 and partially by the project “nuovi Concetti, mAteriali e tecnologie per l’iNtegrazione del fotoVoltAico negli edifici in uno scenario di generazione diffuSa” [CANVAS], funded by the Italian Ministry of the Environment and 289 the Energy Security, through the Research Fund for the Italian Electrical System (type-A call, 290 published on G.U.R.I. n. 192 on 18-08-2022) CUP-B53C22005670005. A partial support for equipment at CNR-IMM was provided by the national projects BEYOND NANO Upgrade (CUP G66J17000350007).