Polyurethane-encapsulated mesoporous carbon-based perovskite solar cells resilient to extreme humidity and mitigation of the related reversible J-V bump
Salvatore Valastro a, Gaetano Calogero a, Emanuele Smecca a, Valentina Arena a, Giovanni Mannino a, Corrado Bongiorno a, Ioannis Deretzis a, Giuseppe Fisicaro a, Antonino La Magna a, Simone Galliano b, Gabriele Viada b, Matteo Bonomo b, Claudia Barolo b, Alessandra Alberti a
a CNR IMM Section of Catania, Strada VIII, 5, Catania, 95121
b Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, Università Degli Studì di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy.
Proceedings of International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics (HOPV25)
Roma, Italy, 2025 May 12th - 14th
Organizers: Filippo De Angelis, Francesca Brunetti and Claudia Barolo
Oral, Salvatore Valastro, presentation 143
Publication date: 17th February 2025

Mesoporous carbon-based (mC) hole-transporting-layer-free architectures offer a cost-effective solution for the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Adding 5-aminovaleric acid (AVA) to MAPbI3 reduces defect concentration and enhances pore filling, while Eu enrichment in CsPbI3 reduces cation migration and enables device reusability [1].

In this study, AVA-MAPbI3 mC-PSCs were encapsulated at room temperature (RT) with a solvent- and water-free polyurethane (PU) resin [2]. Under continuous ambient light, RT, and 40% relative humidity (RH), PU encapsulant acts as a barrier to extend device durability and enable reusability. The formation of a bump in the J-V curve after ~250 h, already reported at low scan-rate but here observed at 50 mV/s, strongly reduces the photovoltaic performances. We demonstrate that the bump is not linked to the formation of PbI2 but is explained by a water-vacancy interaction that increases cation mobility and enhances screening effects near the electron-transport layer. The photovoltaic performances are fully restored by drying the devices under N2 flow for ~48 hours.

A further addition of a hydrophobic Kapton tape interlayer between the PU and the device mitigates bump formation, boosts t90 to ~6000 h and projects t80 to ~10,800 h. Differently from the Kapton tape used alone, PU provides an effective sealing all around the devices, ensuring stability in 100% RH at 90 °C and even underwater.

For indoor applications, Eu:CsPbI3 mC-PSCs typically degrade from γ- to δ-phase within ~1 h in air, whereas PU-encapsulated devices achieve t80 ~250 h, extendable to 1250 h with an additional closure glass slide[3].

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