Publication date: 17th February 2025
Do mobile ions help or hinder performance? Mobile halide ions in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are often linked to negative effects such as degradation and hysteresis. However, this study demonstrates that mobile ions alter photovoltaic design parameters, enabling devices with mobile ions to achieve higher maximum efficiencies than those without.
Recent advancements in PSCs have been driven by surface treatments that reduce recombination and enhance photovoltages. These photovoltages often exceed the cells’ built-in potentials, with significant energetic offsets reported between the band edges of the perovskite and transport layers. This contradicts conventional photovoltaic design principles. This work attributes such tolerance for energetic offsets to mixed ionic and electronic conduction within the perovskite layer. Using the novel Stabilise and Pulse (SaP) technique, combined with drift-diffusion simulations, we explore how ionic charge distribution impacts performance. At steady-state, electrostatic redistribution of ions significantly reduces surface recombination currents, increasing photovoltage by tens to hundreds of millivolts. These findings reveal that mobile ions reduce the sensitivity of photovoltage to energetic misalignments at interfaces, ultimately improving device efficiency.
Building on these insights, we outline photovoltaic design principles that account for the effects of mobile ions and highlight the SaP method's capability to measure band offsets across different transport layers. These findings provide a new framework for optimising PSC design and performance.
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