Publication date: 17th February 2025
What happens to the layered perovskite once other layers are processed on top? Despite being in use for almost a decade, it is surprising that there is no consensus on the optimal deposition protocol of the passivation layer. Furthermore, it is able to confer benefits in both P-I-N and N-I-P architectures, with N-I-P systems by and large seeing optimum performance with thicker layers than their P-I-N counterparts. In this work, we propose this has occurred due to a convergent optimisation pathway, due to the thinning down and dissolution of the layered perovskite during the deposition of charge extraction layers. Here, we use simple structural characterisation (XRD, SEM), and more sensitive tools such as XPS to demonstrate that for most of the ‘processing window’ employed in the literature, the layered perovskite is, in fact, severely disrupted. Measurements of completed solar cells are used to demonstrate that even if the layered perovskite is no longer detectable by XRD, it can still act to minimise surface recombination and improve solar cell performance. This work highlights the care that must be taken when discussing the impact of an initially deposited perovskite interlayer, as the subsequent processing steps inevitably disrupt and change what was formed. Crucially, this means that commonly employed X-Ray measurements on incomplete solar cells are not sufficient to determine the structure of the passivation layer present in state-of-the-art working devices.
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