Publication date: 17th February 2025
Semitransparent organic photovoltaics (STOPVs) hold significant promise for applications such as power-generating windows in buildings and agricultural greenhouses, owing to their tunable optical properties and ability to harvest near-infrared light while remaining semitransparent in the visible range.[1–3] Despite recent advancements, upscaling STOPVs from small laboratory cells to large-area modules remains a significant challenge. Maintaining high performance while ensuring a uniform, aesthetically pleasing appearance for architectural applications often results in compromises, such as losses in power conversion efficiency (PCE) and average visible transmission (AVT). Additionally, large-scale fabrication processes must meet industry standards, such as avoiding the use of halogenated solvents.
In this study, we present two semitransparent organic modules (STOMs) with a device area of 11.4 cm² that address these challenges by optimizing optical and electrical properties while eliminating the use of halogenated solvents. Both modules exhibit a visually homogeneous appearance, suitable for architectural integration, and retain up to 92% of the respective PCE of their small-area counterparts. The first module uses a multilayered aluminum-doped zinc oxide and silver back electrode combined with a conductive, metal-free top electrode from PEDOT: PSS. A laser-structured direct contact between this top electrode and the silver layer within the back electrode enables efficient monolithic interconnection, achieving a PCE of 6.1% and an AVT of 47.5%. A second design incorporates an extended back electrode with TiO2 and SiO2 as dielectric bragg reflector, further enhancing optical and electrical performance. This improved architecture achieves an unprecedented AVT of 50.8% and a PCE of 7.9%, yielding a record-high light utilization efficiency (LUE = AVT × PCE) for modules of 4.0%.
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