Publication date: 17th February 2025
Non-fullerene acceptors have revolutionised organic photovoltaics. However, greater fundamental understanding is needed of the crucial relationships between molecular structure and photophysical mechanisms. Herein, we use a combination of spectroscopic, morphology, and device characterisation techniques to explore these relationships for a high performing non-fullerene acceptor, anti-PDFC. We focus on transient absorption spectroscopy across multiple timescales and ultrafast time-resolved vibrational spectroscopy to acquire the “holy grail” of simultaneous structural and dynamic information for anti-PDFC and its blend with the well-known conjugated polymer PM6. Most significantly, we observe that the singlet exciton of anti-PDFC is localised on the perylene diimide central core of the molecule, but the radical anion is primarily localised on the fluorinated indene malonitrile terminal units (which are common to many state-of-the-art non-fullerene acceptors, including the Y6 family). This electron transfer from the central core to the termini of an adjacent molecule is facilitated by a close interaction between the termini and the central core, as evidenced by single crystal diffraction data and excited state calculations. Finally, the very efficient charge extraction measured for PM6:anti-PDFC photovoltaic devices may be correlated with this anion localisation, enabling effective charge transport channels and thus enhancing device performance.
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