Developments for the Industrialization of Graphite-based, In-situ Crystallized Perovskite Solar Cells

Andreas Hinsch^a, Daniel Sänger^a, Christina Millidoni^a, Lasse Bienkowski^a, Varun Arya^a, Dmitry Bogachuk^a, Salma Zouhair^b, Lukas Wagner^c, Saskia Kühnhold-Pospischl^a

^aFraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems Heidenhofstr. 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany

^bFraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE, Heidenhofstr.2, 79110 Freiburg

^cFraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems Heidenhofstr. 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany

^dFraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems Heidenhofstr. 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany

^eFraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems Heidenhofstr. 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany

^fFraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems Heidenhofstr. 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany

^gERCMN, FSTT, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Av. Khenifra, Tétouan 93000, Marokko

^h3Philipps-University Marburg, Department of Physics, Solar Energy Conversion Group, Renthof 7, D-35037 Marburg, Germany

ⁱFraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems Heidenhofstr. 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany

International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics
Proceedings of International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics (HOPV23)

London, United Kingdom, 2023 June 12th - 14th

Organizers: Tracey Clarke, James Durrant and Trystan Watson

Invited Speaker Session, Andreas Hinsch, presentation 184
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.hopv.2023.184
Publication date: 30th March 2023

Since the start of perovskite solar cell research, the concept of printed mesoporous, monolithic cells with graphite and carbon-based porous electrode layers (c-PSC) has been intensively investigated by various groups on cell and small to medium-sized module scale. The potential advantage of graphite based electrodes over frequently applied organic hole conductors and metallized electrodes can be seen in the high chemical and electrochemical stability of the material. Recently we reported a certified, stabilized solar efficiency of 15.4% for c-PSC on cell level [1]. Further improvement of the efficiency can be predicted by improving the electron blocking characteristic at the interface between the perovskite and the carbon-graphite which to date reduces the achievable photovoltage to only 75% of that of the theoretical limit. Using an 3D-2D approach here, we reached an efficiency of 18.5 % [2]. Another challenge consists in the long-term stable sealing of c-PSC. For this purpose, we developed a method, in which a gas assisted liquified perovskite precursor [3] is crystallized “in-situ” as the final step of the module manufacturing. This allows the use of glass solder sealing material which is applied by printing and then the two glass substrates are fused together at a temperature above 600 ^oC resulting in a high-quality sealed prefab-module and a homogenous plate distance of 10 µm. Such a module fabrication concept, which benefits from the cost-effective technologies of the glass industry, has been successfully demonstrated by us for large sized dye solar cell modules in the past [4], and since several years is now transferred to the perovskite technology [5]. In this presentation, we give an overview over the processing steps implemented at Fraunhofer ISE with a focus on industrial scalability and report about the inverse temperature crystallization step as monitored by time dependent and potentiostatic photoluminescence imaging [6]. Several methods are currently studied to control the perovskite seeding process in the m-TiO₂ layer. We also report on a novel design of microfluidic channels which are generated via laser assisted glass etching.

References:

[1] 1. Zouhair, S., Luo, B., Bogachuk, D., Martineau, D., Wagner, L., Chahboun, A., Glunz, S.W., Hinsch A. “Fill factor assessment in hole selective layer free carbon electrode-based perovskite solar cells with 15.5% certified power conversion efficiency”. Solar RRL (2021).

[2] 2. Zouhair, S., Yoo, S.M., Bogachuk, D., Herterich, J.P., Lim, J., Kanda, H., Son, B., Yun, H.J., Würfel, U., Chahboun, A., Nazeeruddin, M.K., Hinsch, A., Wagner, L., Kim, H. “Employing 2D-Perovskite as an Electron Blocking Layer in Highly Efficient (18.5%) Perovskite Solar Cells with Printable Low Temperature Carbon Electrode”, Advanced Energy Materials (2022),

[3] 3. Bogachuk D., Wagner L., Mastroianni S., Daub M., Hillebrecht H., Hinsch. A, The Nature of Methylamine-MAPbI3 Complex: Fundamentals of Gas-Induced Perovskite Liquefaction and Crystallization, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, (2020)

[4] 4. Hinsch A., Veurman W., Brandt H. , Jensen K., Mastroianni S., “Status of Dye Solar Cell Technology as a Guideline for Further Research”, Chemphyschem: a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry. 15 (2014)

[5] 5. Wagner L., Mastroianni S., Hinsch A., Reverse Manufacturing Enables Perovskite Photovoltaics to Reach the Carbon Footprint Limit of a Glass Substrate, Joule, (2020)

[6] 6. Wagner, L., Schygulla, P., Herterich, J.P., Elshamy, M., Bogachuk, D., Zouhair, S., Mastroianni, S., Würfel, U., Liu, Y., Zakeeruddin, S.M., Grätzel, M., Hinsch, A., Glunz, S. (2022), “Revealing fundamentals of charge extraction in photovoltaic devices through potentiostatic photoluminescence imaging”. Matter 2022

Acknowledgements:

Part of the work has been funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economics and Climate Action under 03EE1130A (project PeroTec Effizienz) and by SolarEranet under 020ESOLARERANET6-8, 03EE1034 (project UNIQUE)

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