Proceedings of International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics (HOPV23)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.hopv.2023.164
Publication date: 30th March 2023
Lead halide perovskites are considered one of the largest breakthroughs in the optoelectronic research field in recent years due to their versatility and their multiple applications including solar cells, LEDs and X-ray detectors among others. All perovskite based optoelectronic devices are made by contacting different materials to the perovskite itself. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the surface and interface properties of lead halide perovskites is crucial for creating more stable and efficient devices. Due to the difficulty of obtaining clean perovskite surfaces for study, up to date, most of surface and interfaces research was done on thin-films, which are more prone to defects and variations in their structure due to more grain boundaries.[1,2] This makes single crystals better suited for studying the intrinsic properties of materials. In our previous work, we investigate the surface properties and electronic structure of in-situ cleaved perovskite single crystals with photoelectron spectroscopy at the FlexPES beamline at MAX IV.[3]
In this work, we go one step further and after generating and characterizing a clean surface of perovskite single crystals, we in-situ evaporate transport materials and follow the chemical changes and band structure evolution with different thicknesses. The use of synchrotron-based soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy enables high surface sensitivity and nondestructive depth-profiling. In particular we study several thicknesses of an in-situ formed interface of 6,13-Bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene (TIPS-Pentacene, C44H54Si2) with 4 different in situ cleaved perovskite single crystals (MAPbI3, MAPbBr3, FAPbBr3 and CsxFA1-xPbBryI3-y). We found a large band bending of about 0.6 eV to higher binding energies on the TIPS-Pentacene side with no influence on the perovskite energy levels regardless of its composition. Results were reproducible at two different beamlines placed at different synchotron radiation facilities (MAX IV, Sweden and BESSI II, Germany) [4]
We believe that this detailed study of surface and interfaces between in-situ cleave perovskite single crystals and several thicknesses of in-situ evaporated TIPS-Pentacene transport material will provide the scientific community with a model system to contribute on the interfacial understanding of perovskite and transport materials and therefore helping on the way to improve the efficiency and stability of perovskite-based optoelectronic devices.
The authors acknowledge MAX IV Laboratory for time on Beamline FlexPES and the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin fur Materialien und Energie for the allocation of synchrotron radiation beamtime. We acknowledge funding from the Swedish Research Council (Grant No. VR 2018-04125, VR 2018-04330, VR 2018-06465), the Carl Tryggers foundation, the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (project nr. RMA15-0130) and the Göran Gustafsson foundation.
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