Proceedings of International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics (HOPV23)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.hopv.2023.154
Publication date: 30th March 2023
Perovskite solar cells (PSC) have shown an unrivalled increase in performance within the past few years. Key to high performing PSC is interface engineering and defect passivation of the perovskite absorber layer. Passivating the surface of the perovskite by an additional layer on top has shown high efficacy, and strategies of mixing the materials into the perovskite precursor or adding a layer underneath have also been successfully demonstrated. Nevertheless, there is still room for improvement.
To achieve further progress and gain a more profound understanding of how passivation works in PSC, deeper analysis is needed. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) is a powerful tool to address some of the open questions. In addition to the excellent detection limit for relevant elements (e.g. lead, alkali metals, iodine, bromine, chlorine, indium, etc. ), ToF-SIMS can also detect molecules (e.g. phenethylammonium iodide (PEAI) or formamidinium). Moreover, ToF-SIMS depth profiling provides valuable information about the distribution of the elements within the layer stack.
In this work, we compare different passivation strategies such as surface passivation, bulk passivation or the combination of both based on the use of phenethylammonium iodide (PEAI) in highly efficient PSC. While all passivation approaches lead to a more or less pronounced increase in device efficiency, the distribution of the PEA-molecules within the perovskite absorber or at the interfaces between the absorber and the charge transport layers differ significantly. Furthermore, the choice of the used electron transport layer (ETL) as well as the deposition or post-treatment parameters (e.g. annealing) are crucial for the performance of the complete device. ToF-SIMS reveals that residual solvent in the ETL can play a beneficial role regarding the annealing behaviour and the efficiency of the solar cells.
Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of our fabrication approach for opaque and semitransparent PSC, and the ToF-SIMS measurements reveal new insights into the fabrication process, guiding the way for further steps towards commercialization of PSC.
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