Proceedings of International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics (HOPV23)
Publication date: 30th March 2023
Lead halide perovskite solar cells show promising efficiencies; however, their large-scale commercialization has been blocked by their instability towards environmental factors such as light, moisture and heat. It is therefore important to understand the intrinsic properties that lead to instability and subsequently solve these instability issues. Considering that solar cells heat up under operation, thermal stability in particular is a necessary property for solar cells. So far, most studies on thermal degradation focused on perovskite thin films. However, slight differences in the preparation of the thin films leads to different grain sizes, which affects the thin film’s properties. Studying single crystals instead of thin films excludes these variations as there are no grain boundaries in a single crystal. Therefore, it allows to study the intrinsic properties of different compositions. Furthermore, especially the surface of the material interacts with the environment, which is why we use the surface-sensitive technique photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) to study degradation on surface level.
Here I will present the thermal degradation of three clean lead halide perovskite single crystal surfaces: MAPbI3 (methylammonium lead iodide), MAPbBr3 (methylammonium lead bromide) and FAPbBr3(formamidinium lead bromide).[1] To ensure clean surfaces, we cleaved the crystals under vacuum and characterized their surface.[1] We then heated the crystals at a rate of 25°C/h and measured their core levels (Pb4f, C1s, N1s, Br3d/I4d) in a loop to follow their compositional changes under thermal stress.[1] We found that the halide has a large impact on the thermal stability.[1] The Br-based crystals showed similar degradation curves as a function of temperature, whereas the I-based crystal degraded much quicker.[1] Furthermore, we found that the degradation of formamidinium leads to the formation of a new organic species at the FAPbBr3 crystal surface.[1]
We thank the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie for the allocation of synchrotron radiation beamtime. We acknowledge funding from the Swedish Research Council (Grant No. VR 2018-04125, VR 2018-04330, VR 2018-06465), the Carl Tryggers foundation, the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (project nr. RMA15-0130) and the Göran Gustafsson foundation.
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