Proceedings of 13th Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics (HOPV21)
Publication date: 11th May 2021
The field of photovoltaics gives the opportunity to make our buildings ‘‘smart’’ and our portable devices
“independent”, provided effective energy sources can be developed for use in ambient indoor
conditions. To address this important issue, ambient light photovoltaic cells were developed to power
autonomous Internet of Things (IoT) devices, capable of machine learning, allowing the on-device
implementation of artificial intelligence. Through a novel co-sensitization strategy, we tailored dyesensitized
photovoltaic cells based on a copper(II/I) electrolyte for the generation of power under
ambient lighting with an unprecedented conversion efficiency (34%, 103 mW cm-2 at 1000 lux; 32.7%,
50 mW cm-2 at 500 lux and 31.4%, 19 mW cm-2 at 200 lux from a fluorescent lamp). A small array of
DSCs with a joint active area of 16 cm2 was then used to power machine learning on wireless nodes.
The collection of 0.947 mJ or 2.72 1015 photons is needed to compute one inference of a pre-trained
artificial neural network for MNIST image classification in the employed set up. The inference accuracy
of the network exceeded 90% for standard test images and 80% using camera-acquired printed MNISTdigits.
Quantization of the neural network significantly reduced memory requirements with a less than
0.1% loss in accuracy compared to a full-precision network, making machine learning inferences on
low-power microcontrollers possible. 152 J or 4.41 1020 photons required for training and verification
of an artificial neural network were harvested with 64 cm2 photovoltaic area in less than 24 hours under
1000 lux illumination. Ambient light harvesters provide a new generation of self-powered and “smart” IoT
devices powered through an energy source that is largely untapped.