Proceedings of International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics (HOPV18)
Publication date: 21st February 2018
Ions diffuse through the hybrid halide perovskite lattice allowing for a variety of electrochemical applications as perovskite-based electrodes for batteries. It is still unknown how extrinsic defects as lithium-ions interact with the hybrid perovskite structure during the diffusion and charging process. It is shown here that Li+ intake/release proceeds by topotactic insertion into the hybrid perovskite host. Therefore, CH3NH3PbBr3 is reported to be a promising anode material. Ion intercalation into the host electrode without severe distortion of the CH3NH3PbBr3 lattice in the first stage explains the partial-reversible Li+ storage, follow by conversion reaction. Long-term specific gravimetric capacity attains significant values approaching 200 mA h g-1. In terms of molar content, lithiation reaches values as high as x=3 (moles of lithium per mole of methylammonium). CH3NH3PbBr3 exhibits three main properties: (i) it allows for high insertion concentrations around x ≈ 1, and simultaneously (ii) it exhibits small structural distortions (topotactic intercalation). Importantly, (iii) the rate capability does not exhibit significant reduction for charging currents between 1 C and 0.25 C, indicating the potentiality of perovskite-based materials for high power battery applications. Since determination of defect diffusivities in perovskite films is inherently complex, it is proposed here an approach that takes advantage of the intercalation and migration of extrinsic lithium ions into methylammonium lead bromide perovskite to unambiguously extract diffusivity values. To this end, Li-ion diffusion is addressed by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy which reveals the fast ionic conduction character of the hybrid perovskites. Our findings indicate the outstanding electronic and ionic properties of lead halide perovskites, and their potential use as energy storage materials.
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