Proceedings of International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics (HOPV18)
Publication date: 21st February 2018
Inorganic cations such as rubidium (Rb) and cesium (Cs) have been recently established as enhancers for perovskite solar cell performance. However, these inorganic cations have different impacts on the stability of the perovskite lattice. In this work, we show that rubidium is fundamentally unstable within the perovskite structure upon exposure to a humid environment and suffer from rapid phase separation. We performed XRD studies on the (FA0.83MA0.17)Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3 perovskite upon RbI and/or CsI addition. Our results indicate that Cs can stabilize the black formamidinium lead halide perovskite phase through incorporation into the perovskite lattice, while the unsuitably small ionic radius of Rb generally leads to phase segregation.[1] In fact, in-situ XRD and EDX experiments reveal that Rb can lead to several non-photoactive side-products: (i) RbPb(I1-xBrx)3 which can already form during the perovskite crystallization process under inert conditions and (ii) RbPb2I4Br which forms rapidly upon exposure to humid air. Furthermore, the formation of Rb-rich side phases upon RbI addition does not only lead to a loss in light absorption, but also results in a depletion of bromide ions in the photoactive perovskite phase, thereby changing its bandgap. While quadruple cation perovskite mixtures remain attractive for the short-term improvement of the photovoltaic performance, the moisture sensitivity of Rb-containing mixed-halide perovskites may create additional engineering challenges.
[1] Y. Hu, M. F. Aygüler, M. L. Petrus, T. Bein, P. Docampo, ACS Energy Lett. 2017, 2, 2212-2218.
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