Towards roll-to-roll production of perovskite solar cells: sheet-to-sheet slot-die processing of high efficiency cells and modules

Ilker Dogan^a, Francesco Di Giacomo^a, Santosh Shanmuham^a, Valerio Zardetto^a, Henri Fledderus^a, Harrie Gorter^a, Gerwin Kirschner^a, Ike de Vries^a, Weiming Qiu^c, Wiljan Verhees^b, Robert Gehlhaar^c, Yulia Galagan^a, Herbert Lifka^a, Tom Aernouts^c, Sjoerd Veenstra^b, Pim Groen^a, Ronn Andriessen^a

^aHolst Centre, Solliance, NL, High Tech Campus, 21, Eindhoven, Netherlands

^bECN - Solliance, High Tech Campus 21, Eindhoven, 5656AE, Netherlands

^cIMEC - Solliance, Thin Film PV, Kapeldreef, 75, Leuven, Belgium

International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics
Proceedings of International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics (HOPV18)

Benidorm, Spain, 2018 May 28th - 31st

Organizers: Emilio Palomares and Rene Janssen

Oral, Ilker Dogan, presentation 018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.hopv.2018.018
Publication date: 21st February 2018

Organometallic halide perovskites are promising materials for thin-film photovoltaics, with achieved efficiencies over 20% at lab-scale. For promoting the use of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in practical applications, it is essential to achieve an upscaling route, which ensures environment-friendly processing of stable and highly efficient PSCs. Here, we report on the upscaling of sheet-to-sheet (S2S) slot-die processing of PSCs, heading towards the roll-to-roll (R2R) production. Results demonstrated that S2S processing of planar n-i-p PSCs on 152x152 mm² substrates exhibited similar stability and efficiency as small area PSCs. We also demonstrate the initial results from S2S processed p-i-n PSCs and R2R processes flexible n-i-p PSCs.

S2S slot-die coating of 152x152 mm² Glass/ITO substrates produced 64 cells with 0.16 mm² area, and single large area modules. For the latter, laser patterning of 250 µm wide interconnections was implemented. For the n-i-p structure, SnO₂-NPs, a triple-cation (Cs-MA-FA) lead perovskite, and Spiro-OMeTAD have been slot die coated as ETL, active layer, and as HTM, respectively. The control of the perovskite crystallization/drying was achieved by vacuum quenching. The small area cells processed by slot-die coating resulted in stabilized PCE of 14.5% with a yield above 95%. Laser patterned large area modules processed by the same recipe demonstrated a stabilized PCE of 13.8% on aperture area and 14.5% on active area. These efficiencies are comparable to the efficiencies obtained from spin-coated cells with 0.16 mm² area demonstrating the feasibility of upscaling.

For the p-i-n structure, NiO-NPs, triple-cation lead perovskite, and PCBM/ZnO layers have been slot-die coated as HTM, active layer and as ETL, respectively. The average PCE of 64 cells with 0.16 mm² area was 12%, with a spread of efficiencies among the cells. This observed value is lower than the PCE of spin-coated cells (14%). Further optimization on the ETL and HTM (smooth, pinhole-free layers, improved wettability during coating) needs to be done in order to improve the quality of these layers to reach higher PCE values.

For the R2R processing of flexible PSCs, the same n-i-p stack presented above (with dual-cation perovskite, Cs-FA) was processed on a 30 cm wide PET/ITO foil at a speed of 5 m/min. The control of the perovskite coating and crystallization on R2R was instrumental to fabricate flexible PSC with PCE up to 16%. This result represent an important step towards the large area processing of flexible PSCs.

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International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics

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