Chemistry of halide perovskites and lead-free solar cells

Constantinos Stoumpos^a, Robert Chang^a, Feng Hao^a, Mercouri Kanatzidis^a

^aDepartment of Chemistry, Northwestern University, United States, Sheridan Road, 2145, Evanston, United States

International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics
Proceedings of International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics 2015 (HOPV15)

Roma, Italy, 2015 May 11th - 13th

Organizer: Filippo De Angelis

Invited Speaker, Mercouri Kanatzidis, presentation 287
Publication date: 5th February 2015

Efficiency boosts for lead-free perovskite solar cells are highly desirable. We will present our work using methylammonium tin triiodide (CH₃NH₃SnI₃) perovskites and how their crystallization can be controlled through the choice of solvents used in the spin coating process. Careful evaporation of the solvents and the convective self-assembly process during spinning effectively assist the formation of well-crystallized perovskite films due to the favorable interactions between the solvent molecules and the solvated CH₃NH₃⁺ and [SnI₃]^-. The crystallization processes in selected polar solvents will be compared. Intermediate compounds of the perovskite with crystallized solvent molecules were observed to form and be important for the resultant film morphology. Efficient lead-free pervoskite solar cells have been realized with a conductive poly(triarylamine) hole-transporting material. In addition to the solar cell aspects the fundamental properties of perovskite halides are not well understood. Despite the fact that the perovskite compounds are efficient photosensitizers and promise large improvements in the photovoltaic efficiency in the near future, the fundamental optical and electronic properties of the compounds themselves need to be understood. For example, there is a significant variation in the photoluminescence (PL) properties of the compounds depending on whether the bulk material was isolated by means of a solution- or solid-state-based process. We will discuss the properties of selected compounds from the APbI₃ and ASnI₃ systems as a function of the preparation method and we evaluate the resulting materials in terms of vacancy formation by employing a combination of single-crystal X-ray diffraction. A new perovskite Cs₂SnI₆ will be introduced.

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