Innovative dimethylformamide -free and electrodeposition-based routes to obtain halide perovskite films and solar cells

Ramon Tena-Zaera^a, Hans Grande^a, Oscar Miguel^a, Ivet Kosta^a, Anabela Gomes^b, Tania Frade^b

^aIK4-CIDETEC, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, Spain., Paseo de Miramón, 196, San Sebastián, Spain

International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics
Proceedings of International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics 2015 (HOPV15)

Roma, Italy, 2015 May 11th - 13th

Organizer: Filippo De Angelis

Poster, Ramon Tena-Zaera, 081
Publication date: 5th February 2015

The extremely rapid evolution of the solution processed halide perovskite (e.g. APbX₃ A = CH₃NH₃, X = I, Br, Cl)-based solar cells during the last years, reaching power conversion efficiencies over 20 % [1] in laboratory-scale devices makes them a strong candidate to develop a cost- and performance-competitive PV technology. However. although ease of the deposition is one of the key attributes of the APbX3 halide perovskites, most of the reported synthetic routes are based on the use of dimethylformamide (DMF). Nevertheless, the use of DMF represents a potential hurdle to the future industrial production of the perovskite-based PV technology because this solvent is in the "Candidate List of substance of very high concern for Authorisation" of the European Chemical Agency. In this context, a piece of work on innovative and DMF-free approaches, based on the electrodeposition, will be presented. As an example, a novel route consisting on teh electrodeposition of PbI₂and ulterior conversion to perovskite films will be proposed. A comparative analysis of the electrodeposition process and obtained films in different media such as conventional organic solvent and advanced ionic liquid-based electrolytes will be shown. The great potential of the electrodeposition to obtain nanostructured PbI₂ films will be emphasized. The evolution of the film morphology during the conversion to perovskite and dependence to the conversion media (i.e. solution and gas phase media) and conditions will be analyzed. Furthermore, the ability of the electrodeposition to obtain alternative Pb-based precursor films as well as halide perovskite films by a single-step process will be discussed. The results from the evaluation of the obtained perovskites in solar cells with different architectures and hole selective contacts (i.e. spiro-OMETAD and CuSCN) will be presented. The photovoltaic performance will be compared to that from the reference devices (i.e. based on perovskite films obtained by one-single step DMF-based spin coating route) in order to show the potential and room for improvement of the proposed electrochemical routes. In addition, the generality of the electrodeposition route to obtain other metal iodides such as SnI₂ and CuI [4], also of high interest for the perovskite solar cells, will be also briefly discussed. All in all, novel results and cutting-edge analysis of the potential of the electrodeposition techniques in the emerging field of the perovskite solar cells will be given.
Main concept of DMF-free electrodepositioon-based processing of halide perovskite thin films and solar cells.
(1) http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv/images/efficiency_chart.jpg (2) http://echa.europa.eu/candidate-list-table (3) S. Chavhan, O. Miguel, H. Grande, V. Gonzalez-Pedro, E.M. Barea, I. Mora-Seró, J. Bisquert, R. Tena-Zaera “Perovskite Solar Cells with Inorganic Hole Selective Contact: TiO2/CH3NH3PbxCly/CuSCN”, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2014, 2, 12754 (4) P. Qin, S. Tanaka, S. Ito, N. Tetreault, K. Manabe, H. Nishino, M.K. Nazeeruddin, M. Gratzel, “Inorganic hole conductor-based lead halide perovskite solar cells with 12.4% conversion efficiency”, Nat. Commun. 2014, 5:3834 doi: 10.1038/ncomms4834 (5) I. Kosta, E. Azaceta, O. Miguel, H. Grande, R. Tena-Zaera “Cathodic electrochemical deposition of CuI from room temperature ionic liquid-based electrolytes”, Electrochem. Commun. 2015 (submitted)

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