Proceedings of 6th International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics (HOPV14)
Publication date: 1st March 2014
Methylammonium lead halide (CH3NH3PbX3) materials with a perovskite crystal structure are a promising candidate in next-generation solar cells, aiming to solve the terawatt energy problem.[1] After their first employment in photovoltaics in 2009 with an efficiency of 3.9%,[2] they experienced a fast increase in efficiency to over 16%.[3] Perovskites are currently receiving significant attention from the scientific community and were recently labeled one of the top 10 breakthroughs of 2013.[4]
To further implement this new material, the formation process of the perovskite layer during the cell fabrication needs to be understood and controlled. Recent studies[5, 6, 7] investigated and underlined the importance of morphological control of this inherently unstable thin-film,[8] which is crucial for efficient charge transport inside the cell and therefore the critical performance parameters (VOC, ISC, FF, η).
Employment of a mesoporous scaffold can help to improve the instability of the perovskite film[9, 10] and is commonly used for high-efficiency cells, but usually constitutes an additional step in the fabrication process.[11] Planar heterojunction (PHJ) films contain a simpler architecture and are easier to process but lack from poor morphological performance when solution processed.[12]
In this work we investigated the impact of convection flow rate, annealing temperature and time on the morphology of the PHJ mixed halide perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3−xClx). In-situ reflectance spectroscopy allowed time-resolved changes in film-thickness and morphology during the annealing to be monitored. Film optical parameters were obtained via ellipsometry. The properties of the resulting films were evaluated via AFM, SEM and solid-state UV/Vis spectroscopy. Mott-Schottky electrochemical capacitance measurements allowed the correlation of the morphological properties to the more fundamental properties in the perovskite films.
In-situ reflectance spectroscopy of perovskite film formation for different annealing times, as indicated in the color bar [min].
[1] N. S. Lewis and D. G. Nocera, Powering the planet: Chemical challenges in solar energy utilization, PNAS 2006, 104, 42, 15729–15735. [2] A. Kojima, K. Teshima, Y. Shirai, and T. Miyasaka, Organometal halide perovskites as visible-light sensitizers for photovoltaic cells, JACS 2009, 131, 6050–1. [3] NREL, ResearchCellEfficiencyRecords, http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv/, [Online; accessed: 12–March-2014]. [4] Science News, Newcomer Juices Up the Race to Harness Sunlight, Science 2013, 342, 1438–9. [5] G. E. Eperon, V. M. Burlakov, P. Docampo, A. Goriely, and H. J. Snaith, Morphological Control for High Performance, Solution-Processed Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells, Advanced Functional Materials 2013, 151–7. [6] B. Conings, L. Baeten, C. De Dobbelaere, J. D’Haen, J. Manca, and H.-G. Boyen, Perovskite-Based Hybrid Solar Cells Exceeding 10% Efficiency with High Reproducibility Using a Thin Film Sandwich Approach, Advanced materials 2013, 26, 13 2041-6. [7] A. Dualeh, N. T ́etreault, T. Moehl, P. Gao, M. K. Nazeeruddin, and M. Gratzel, Effect of Annealing Temperature on Film Morphology of Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Pervoskite Solid-State Solar Cells, Advanced Functional Materials 2014, in press. [8] C. V. Thompson, Solid-State Dewetting of Thin Films, Annual Review of Materials Research 2012, 42, 399–434. [9] M. M. Lee, J. Teuscher, T. Miyasaka, T. N. Murakami, and H. J. Snaith, Efficient hybrid solar cells based on meso-superstructured organometal halide perovskites, Science 2012, 338, 643–7. [10] J. M. Ball, M. M. Lee, A. Hey, and H. J. Snaith, Low-temperature processed meso-superstructured thin-film perovskite solar cells, Energy & Environmental Science 2013, 6, 1739. [11] M. J. Carnie, C. Charbonneau, M. L. Davies, J. Troughton, T. M. Watson, K. Wojciechowski, H. Snaith, and D. a. Worsley, A one-step low temperature processing route for organolead halide perovskite solar cells, Chemical communications 2013, 49, 7893–5. [12] M. Liu, M. B. Johnston, and H. J. Snaith, Efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by vapour deposition, Nature 2013, 501, 395–8.
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