Proceedings of 6th International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics (HOPV14)
Publication date: 1st March 2014
Organic solar cells typically consist of two components which need to form a bicontinuous network. The most promising production route is solution processing from a solvent (mixture). Domains are formed by phase separation during the evaporation of the solvent(s). Solar cell efficiency critically depends on domain sizes. A polymer:fullerene mixture often forms too large domains when spincoated from a single solvent due to liquid-liquid phase separation, during the drying process. It is well known that this can be prevented by the addition of small amounts of a co-solvent. There is an ongoing discussion about the origin of this effect. In this contribution we combine three in-situ measurements which shed light on the processes which occur during evaporation of the solvents. During spincoating thin-film interference is used to monitor the wet layer thickness. This is combined with scattering and absorption measurements which are indicative of phase separation and polymer aggregation, respectively. We show that the addition of co-solvent causes polymer aggregation to occur at higher solvent content. If polymer aggregation occurs after liquid-liquid phase separation too large domains are formed. However, if polymer aggregation occurs before liquid-liquid phase separation (would) occur the formation of large domains is prevented. Thus high-efficiency solar cells can only be made when polymer aggregation occurs before liquid-liquid phase separation.
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