Proceedings of 6th International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics (HOPV14)
Publication date: 1st March 2014
The recent, rapid rise in the power conversion efficiencies of organolead halide perovskite solar cells has been remarkable. Lab device efficiencies of over 15% have been reported, where the active material has been deposited via thermal evaporation onto a compact titanina (c-TiO2) layer 1. Some of the highest efficiency solution processed devices reported require a thin layer of alumina to be deposited onto the c-TiO2 prior to deposition of the perovskite precursor 2. It is thought in this case that the alumina favourably influences the perovskite crystal growth.
We have previously shown 3that additions of alumina nanoparticles (up to 5 wt.%), to the perovskite precursor solution yield improvements in the device performance of planar heterojunction perovskite cells. It is thought that this improvement is achieved by the nanoparticles influencing perovskite crystallization and subsequent morphology, giving rise to better substrate surface coverage and less pinholes when compared to planar heterojunction devices - manufactured under the same processing conditions and without nanoparticles. This is evidenced by an increase in VOC with increasing nanoparticle loading and SEM images of the crystalized films showing greater substrate coverage.
We have recently investigated alternatives to alumina nanoparticles and found that certain nanoparticles can show the same trends as that observed with alumina but at a much lower wt. %. Figure 1 shows the statistical IV data of a series of devices made with varying wt. % loadings of nanoparticle ‘MC06’ in the precursor solution. It can be seen that device performance increases with increasing nanoparticle wt. % and that the increase is mainly due to improvements in VOC and fill factor. SEM images (also figure 1.) show that voids in the perovskite film are infiltrated by the nanoparticles suggesting that the increase in VOC could be caused in part by surface passivation of the c-TiO2 layer. To date our best device efficiency is 9.2 % in a cell made with a 1 wt % nanoparticle ‘MC06’ addition to the precursor. This is compared to our best planar heterojunction device with PCE = 7.0 %, made under the same processing conditions and in the same batch. All our devices are manufactured in ambient laboratory conditions.
Figure 1. a) mean power conversion efficiency (PCE) of devices vs. nanoparticle wt. % in precursor (0% = planar heterojunction), b) mean open circuit voltage (VOC), c) mean short circuit current density (JSC), d) mean fill factor, e) IV curves of best device containing 1 wt. % nanoparticles in precursor (VOC = 0.971 V, JSC = 15.36 mA cm-2, FF = 0.61, PCE = 9.2 %) and best planar heterojunction device (VOC = 0.884 V, JSC = 12.97 mA cm-2, FF = 0.61, PCE = 7.0 %), f) SEM image showing nanoparticles infiltrating void in perovskite film (1 wt % nanoparticles in precursor).
1. Liu, M., Johnston, M. B. & Snaith, H. J. Efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by vapour deposition. Nature 2013 501, 395–8. 2. Ball, J. M., Lee, M. M., Hey, A. & Snaith, H. J. Low-Temperature Processed Mesosuperstructured to Thin-Film Perovskite Solar Cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 2013 6, 1739-1743 3. Carnie, M. J. et al. A one-step low temperature processing route for organolead halide perovskite solar cells. Chem. Commun. 2013 49, 7893–5
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