Towards Fully Printed Organic Tandem Solar Cells & Modules: Development of Low Temperature Processed Intermediate Layers
Karen Forberich a, Tayebeh Ameri a, Ning Li a, Derya Baran a, Hong Zhang a, Christoph Brabec a b, George Spyropoulos b, Frederik Krebs c
a Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Martensstr. 7, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
b Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research (ZAE Bayern), Haberstr. 2a, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
c Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics
Proceedings of 6th International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics (HOPV14)
Ecublens, Switzerland, 2014 May 11th - 14th
Organizers: Michael Graetzel and Mohammad Nazeeruddin
Oral, Ning Li, presentation 029
Publication date: 1st March 2014

Photovoltaic tandem technology has the potential to boost the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells approaching or even exceeding 15 % according to several independently reported predictions. The tandem concept involves stacking two or more cells with complementary absorption spectra in series or parallel connection, harvesting photons at the highest possible potential. The intermediate layer (IML) consisting of a hole and an electron transporting layer is considered to lie at the heart of organic tandem structure. To push organic tandem solar cells towards large-scale production and commercial applications, development of reliable and low temperature processed IMLs is required.

In this contribution, we demonstrate various fully solution-processed IMLs for efficient organic tandem solar cells with either a regular or an inverted architecture [1-4]. Owing to their excellent functionality and reliability, this kind of IMLs represents a convenient way for facilitating fabrication of organic tandem solar cells comprising of double, triple or quadruple junctions. Moreover, the tandem solar cells are fabricated by using doctor-blading deposition method at fairly low temperatures (<80 °C) in air, which are fully compatible with roll-to-roll mass production. The tandem solar cells based on glass and flexible substrates achieve a PCE of up to 8 % and 6 %, respectively.

Optical and electrical simulations are performed to analyze the performance of organic tandem solar cells. The outcome of simulations is in great agreement with experimental values, indicating again the excellent functionality of the low-temperature solution-processed IMLs. Based on optical simulations, we investigate the potential of commercially available donor materials for organic tandem solar cells. A maximum PCE of 10 % is achievable for tandem solar cells based on already commercially available donors in combination with PCBM. In addition, by incorporating experimentally feasible values of FF=75 % and constant EQE=80 % into efficiency prediction, a maximum PCE of 21 % is theoretically achievable for organic tandem solar cells.



[1] Li, N.; Baran, D.; Forberich, K.; Turbiez, M.; Ameri, T.; Krebs, F.; Brabec, C. An Efficient Solution-Processed Intermediate Layer for Facilitating Fabrication of Organic Multi-Junction Solar Cells. Advanced Energy Materials 2013, 3, 1597-1605. [2] Li, N.; Baran, D.; Forberich, K.; Machui, F.; Ameri, T.; Turbiez, M.; Carrasco-Orozco, M.; Drees, M.; Facchetti, A.; Krebs, F. C.; Brabec, C. J. Towards 15% energy conversion efficiency: a systematic study of the solution-processed organic tandem solar cells based on commercially available materials. Energy & Environmental Science 2013, 6, 3407-3413. [3] Li, N.; Kubis, P.; Forberich, K.; Ameri, T.; Krebs, F. C.; Brabec, C. J. Towards large-scale production of solution-processed organic tandem modules based on ternary composites: Design of the intermediate layer, device optimization and laser based module processing. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 2014, 120, 701-708. [4] Li, N.; Baran, D.; Spyropoulos, G. D.; Zhang, H.; Berny, S.; Turbiez, M.; Ameri, T.; Krebs, F. C.; Brabec, C. J. Printing organic tandem solar cells towards 20% power conversion efficiency. Submitted.
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