Mesoscopicsolar cells (MSCs) based on three-dimensional interpenetrating networkjunctions have attracted much attention due to the advantages of low materialcosts and simple fabrication processes.[1] Dye-sensitizedsolar cells (DSSCs), the first-generation MSCs, have made various breakthroughson working mechanisms, functional materials and device architectures in thepast years, which motivated the research on this photovoltaic (PV) technology from laboratory investigations to practical applications.[2, 3] Recently, the second-generation MSCs, mesoscopic perovskite solar cells (MPSCs) based on hybrid organic–inorganic halide perovskite semiconductors have boosted thedevelopment of this PV technology. Benefiting from the optimization of depositionapproaches, design of new material systems, and diversity of device concepts,the efficiency of MPSCs has increased from 2.19% in 2007 to a certified 22.1%in 2016. Inspired by the latest amazing advances, more and more researchersattempted to develop large-area mesoscopic solar modules to promote the commercializationof this technology.[4] Due to the advantages of both material costs andproduction costs, MPSCs have been regarded as one of the most promisingcandidates of the next-generation PV technology. It is believed that the dream of generating electricity with a cost-effective PV strategy will be realized inthe near future.[5]

However, large area perovskite solar modules based on the conventional perovskite structures suffer from stability concern and a complicated process. Herein we demonstrate a high efficient, stable and large-area perovskite solar module that can be fabricated under ambient conditions. The module employs a triple layer architecture of mesoporous TiO2, ZrO2 and carbon, which allows us to use screen-printing technique for large-scale production and reduce the cost by ignoring either the expensive hole-transport layer or the noble-metal counter electrode. Upon optimization of each component of the device and the fabrication method, a highest efficiency of more than 10% for 100 cm2 module has been obtained under AM1.5G at 1 Sun illumination condition. No degradation of peformance was observed under extensive stability tests, including an indoor light soaking test , a local outdoor test and a shelf-life dark test. This provides a promising path towards realizing efficient and stable perovskite photovoltaics.

1.    M. Grätzel, Acc. Chem. Res. 42, 1788 (2009).

2.    H. Han, Udo Bach et al., Appl. Phys. Lett.94, 103102 (2009).

3.    Y. Rong, H. Han et al., Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells105, 148 (2012).

4.    S. Si, Y. Rong, H. Han et al.,Front. Optoelectron., In press.

5.    Y. Rong, L. Liu, H. Han et al.,Adv. Energy Mater. 1501066 (2015).