Organic electronics, based on semiconducting and conducting polymers, have been extensively investigated in the past decades and have found commercial applications in lighting panels, smartphone and TV screens using OLEDs (organic light emitting diodes) technology. Many other applications are foreseen to reach the commercial maturity in future in areas such as transistors, sensors and photovoltaics.

Organic electronic devices, apart from consumer applications, are paving the path for key applications at the interface between electronics and biology, such as in polymer electrodes for recording and stimulating neural activity in neurological diseases. In such applications, organic polymers are very attractive candidates due to their distinct property of mixed conduction: the ability to transport both electron/holes and ionic species. Additionally, conducting polymers offer the possibility to tune their surface properties (e.g., wettability or chemical reactivity) by changing their oxidation state, thus promoting or hindering the adhesion of biomolecules. This feature can be particularly useful for enhancing the biocompatibility of implantable electrodes.

My talk will deal with processing and characterization of conducting polymer films and devices for flexible, stretchable and healable electronics as well as for implantable electrodes. I will particularly focus on micro-patterning of conducting polymer films for flexible and stretchable devices and on self-healing of conducting polymer films [1, 2, 3].

Our group fabricated water-stable and flexible organic electrochemical transistors based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) on a plastic substrate using a new process based on a fluorinated photoresist. The PEDOT:PSS films, mixed solely with a biocompatible conductivity enhancer, show robust adhesion on plastic substrates, and exhibit unchanged electrical properties under extreme bending. This simplifies the fabrication of high-performance OECTs and places them in a highly competitive position for flexible electronics and healthcare applications.

The fabrication of stretchable electronic devices is presently rather challenging due to both the limited number of materials showing the desired combination of mechanical and electrical properties and the lack of techniques to process and pattern them.  My group reported on transfer patterning process to fabricate high-resolution metal microelectrodes on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) by using ultrathin Parylene films (2 μm thick). By combining transfer patterning of metal electrodes with orthogonal patterning of PEDOT:PSS on a pre-stretched PDMS substrate and a biocompatible “cut and paste” hydrogel, we demonstrated fully stretchable organic electrochemical transistors, relevant for wearable electronics, biosensors and surface electrodes to monitor body conditions.

Self-healing electronic materials are highly relevant for application in biology and sustainable electronics. We observed mechanical and electrical healability of PEDOT:PSS thin films. Upon reaching a certain thickness (about 1 µm), PEDOT:PSS thin films damaged with a sharp blade can be healed by simply wetting the damaged area with water. The process is rapid, with a response time on the order of 150 ms. Significantly, after being wetted, the films are transformed into autonomic self-healing materials without the need of external stimulation. This work reveals a new property of PEDOT:PSS and enables its immediate use in flexible and biocompatible electronics, such as electronic skin and bio-implanted electronics, placing conducting polymers on the front line for healing applications in bioelectronics.