Proceedings of International Conference on Perovskite Thin Film Photovoltaics, Photonics and Optoelectronics (ABXPV18PEROPTO)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.abxpvperopto.2018.043
Publication date: 11th December 2017
Metal halide perovskite solar cells are now effectively competing with their inorganic counterparts in terms of power conversion efficiencies and estimated production costs. State of the art perovskite solar cells still suffer from too low fill factor and open circuit voltage (Voc), which has been related to non-geminate losses mostly happening at the surface of the perovskite absorber. Here, we present the enhancement of the Voc by addition of Strontium (Sr) to a quadruple cation perovskite Rb5(Cs5(MA0.17FA0.83)Pb(I0.83 Br0.17)3)95)95 in a p-i-n solar cell structure with PTAA and C60 forming the hole and electron transport layer, respectively. When alloying the perovskite with Sr, the resulting material displays significantly enhanced PL lifetime and absolute PL yield. This indicates a reduction of surface recombination thereby enlarging the splitting of the quasi-Fermi-levels in the neat perovskite absorber, giving promise for a increased Voc in the device. This finding is confirmed by the enhancement in Voc and in electroluminescence efficiency observed in actual devices, where the Voc increase from 1.11 V to 1.18 V and electroluminescence efficiency rises up by one order of magnitude upon Sr addition, denoting impressing emissive behaviour. As a result, the power conversion efficiency increases by up to 1% (absolute), reaching a PCE of 20.3% under AM1.5G illumination. We show through various photoelectron spectroscopy techniques (UPS/XPS and IPES), how the addition of Sr changes the energetic landscape, inducing a more n-type surface and enabling a more electron selective contact between the perovskite and the C60. We propose that such a change in energetics is responsible for a substantial suppression of surface recombination in the neat material and a reduction of interface recombination with the electron transport layer (ETL). Through Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS), XPS and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) we show that Sr is mostly segregated close to the charge transport layers, affecting only the interface and leaving the bulk almost unaltered. In conclusion, we propose that Sr-addition enables an appropriate interface modification between the perovskite and the charge transport layers that helps to suppress surface recombination and reduce Voc losses. Our results can be representative of a more general methodology for device modification, therefore they can be applicable to other compositions and cell architectures enabling future efficiency enhancements of perovskite solar cells.