Proceedings of Perovskite Thin Film Photovoltaics (ABXPV16)
Publication date: 14th December 2015
To enable improvements in the notorious instabilities in methyl ammonium lead iodide (MAPI) perovskites it is important to identify and understand the most influential degradation mechanisms. Several studies have suggested the critical factor influencing the degradation process is MAPI’s sensitivity to humidity. However, recent observations have suggested the degradation of MAPI thin films in dry air and under illumination is also a significant process [1-2]. It was shown the excited state MAPI reacts with oxygen to form a superoxide which then deprotonates the methyl ammonium ion and breaks down the perovskite crystal to methylamine, lead iodide, iodine and water.
Here we show that degradation from exposure to light and oxygen still occurs in full devices and that it is the dominate degradation pathway. We compared device performance under exposure to six conditions: nitrogen with and without light, dry air with and without light, humid air (85%RH, 35°C) with light, and humid (85%RH, 35°C) nitrogen with light. It is shown that only devices exposed to light and oxygen show significant degradation over a 12 hr period. It is also shown that under very humid conditions degradation is dramatically less and there is very little difference between dry and wet air degradation. We further show that the rate of degradation can be influenced by the extraction efficiency of the electron by varying the electron extraction layer from mesoporus titania, mesoporus alumina or only a blocking titania layer.
Recently the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells has been optimised by controlling the optoelectronic properties using mixed ions (e.g. iodide, bromine, methyl ammonium and formamidinium). Here we have shown the variation in material stability of these mixed perovskites in controlled environmental conditions. Degradation pathways with humidity and light+oxygen have been investigated to understand the effect of mixed ion perovskite material stability.
References: [1] N. Aristidou, I. Sanchez-Molina, T. Chotchuangchutchaval, M. Brown, L. Martinez et al, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed (2015) 54, 8208-8212. [2] F. T. F. O’Mahony, Y. H. Lee, C. Jellett, S. Dmitrov, D. T. Bryant, et al, J. Mater. Chem. A (2015) 3, 7219-7223.
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